History of Copperhill

Polk County, TN, was formed from portions of Bradley and McMinn Counties, marking a significant milestone in the region’s development. John Rogers became the first white settler to purchase land in the Copper Basin, paving the way for future settlement. He was soon followed by John Davis, who acquired property that now includes the present-day Davis Mill Creek, helping to establish the area's early foundations.

Gold prospectors, expecting to strike it rich, instead uncover what they believe to be “fool’s gold.” However, their disappointment soon turns to opportunity as the discovery leads to more than a century of prosperous copper mining, shaping the economic and industrial future of the Copper Basin.

The Copper Basin’s first shipment of copper embarks on a rugged journey, transported by pack mule to the nearest rail line in Dalton, GA. This milestone marks the beginning of a booming copper industry that will drive economic growth in the region for decades to come.

The expansion of the railway network establishes a vital connection between Dalton, GA, and Cleveland, TN, significantly improving regional transportation and facilitating commerce. This development enhances the movement of goods and resources, strengthening economic ties across the area.

Construction begins on the 40-mile-long Copper Road, following the Ocoee River to connect the Copper Basin with Cleveland, TN. This crucial route facilitates transportation and trade, shaping the region’s economic future.

The Copper Basin has become a thriving mining hub, with a total of 14 companies operating in the region. This rapid industrial growth marks a significant era of economic expansion and resource extraction.

The outbreak of the Civil War halts many mining activities in the Copper Basin, particularly those owned by Northern-based companies, which cease operations. The conflict significantly impacts the region’s copper production, disrupting economic stability and industrial growth.

The Confederacy takes control of the Copper Basin, selling mining assets to Southern investors in an effort to sustain operations. However, by the end of the year, Union forces reclaim the region, reversing Confederate gains and restoring federal control over the area’s valuable mining industry.

Mining operations are restarted by the larger mining companies, which begin expansions in operations that are soon to be hindered by transportation obstacles of hauling large amounts of copper out of the mountains.

Harbert (H.T.) McCay (1833-1904) and his first wife, Telitha Cook McCay (1840-1877), established their homestead along the banks of the Ocoee River, clearing the land for their family home and farm. This site would later become the heart of Copperhill’s historic downtown. Following Telitha’s passing, H.T. McCay remarried Maggie Witt McCay (1848-1921). Today, H.T. and Maggie rest at Copperhill’s Cemetery Hill, while Telitha’s gravesite lies across the river at Kingtown Cemetery in McCaysville, GA.

The Marietta and North Georgia Railroad sought to extend its line to Knoxville, TN, via Murphy, NC, following the Hiwassee River Gorge. However, plans were altered when a landowner northeast of Blue Ridge, GA, refused to grant the necessary right of way. As a result, the decision was made to connect the Knoxville line with the Marietta rail in McCays, shaping the region’s transportation future.

With the rail line fully completed, the transportation of copper from the Copper Basin becomes more efficient and widespread. This milestone significantly boosts the region’s mining industry, facilitating larger shipments.

The copper smelting process begins with the use of "open roasters," releasing large amounts of sulfur dioxide into the air. This practice accelerates environmental degradation, leaving a lasting impact on the landscape and surrounding ecosystems.

The famous Farner Loop section of the rail line is constructed, streamlining transportation by replacing a cumbersome switchback in Farner, TN. This engineering improvement enhances efficiency, allowing for smoother rail operations in the region.

As mining companies close and merge, two major operators emerge as industry leaders in the Copper Basin: the Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Company (DSC&I) and the Tennessee Copper Company (TCC). Their dominance shapes the region’s mining landscape.

Landowners take legal action against the Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Company (DSC&I) and the Tennessee Copper Company (TCC), seeking to end the harmful open roasting process that continues to damage the land and threaten residents' health. However, Tennessee courts rule in favor of the mining companies, determining that the economic benefits outweigh the environmental and health impacts.

To support the marketing efforts of the Tennessee Copper Company (TCC) and emphasize the town’s connection to the copper industry, McCays is officially renamed Copperhill, TN. This change reinforces the area's identity as a key center for copper production and commerce.

The Tennessee Copper Company (TCC) establishes company-owned housing in the Smelter Hill and Newtown areas to accommodate its workforce. Stately homes are constructed for company managers and officials, while smaller, prefabricated homes from Sears & Roebuck are assembled for workers, creating a structured company town that reflects the region’s industrial growth.

The State of Georgia files a lawsuit against the Tennessee Copper Company (TCC), arguing that the company’s operations violate the state’s sovereign rights over its land and air. While the court rules in Georgia’s favor, it refrains from issuing an injunction, citing TCC’s ongoing construction of an acid reclamation plant. This ruling effectively marks the end of the open roasting process and paves the way for environmental reclamation efforts in the region.

To improve transportation and accommodate growing passenger demand, the Copperhill train depot officially opens, providing a vital link for travelers and strengthening the region’s railway infrastructure.

On December 2nd, a massive fire sweeps through Copperhill, destroying half of the residential area and leaving only four commercial buildings standing. Before recovery efforts can begin, another fire, sparked by embers, engulfs the remaining commercial structures along the Ocoee River, reducing the settlement to ruins and marking one of the most destructive events in the town’s history.

Copperhill achieves official city status with its incorporation, marking a significant milestone in its development. This formal recognition establishes local governance and paves the way for structured growth and community progress.

Entrepreneur George Hood establishes the Colonial Hotel adjacent to the Copperhill train depot, providing accommodations for travelers and business visitors. Today, this historic site serves as the home of Ocoee Dentistry, preserving a connection to Copperhill’s past while serving the community in a new capacity.

The Maloof Building is constructed, becoming a notable landmark in Copperhill. Over the years, the building has housed various businesses and today serves as the location for Folk Collaborative and Bar 21, continuing its legacy as a hub for community and commerce.

Tennessee Copper Company (TCC) constructs a YMCA building to serve the community. Today, this historic structure houses Copperhill’s City Hall, preserving its legacy as a central hub for the town.

The Center & Abernathy Building is constructed, becoming a key fixture in Copperhill’s commercial district. Today, it houses El Rio Mexican Restaurant and JJ’s Copper Basin Lounge, the oldest bar in Tennessee, preserving its legacy as a vibrant gathering place for locals and visitors alike.

The historic Doradele Theatre Building, once a vibrant hub for arts and entertainment in Copperhill, has been fully restored and repurposed. Today, it remains a cherished landmark in the heart of the community, now home to the charming Doodlebug Gift Shop, where local history meets modern-day shopping.

The iconic New York Hotel Building is constructed, becoming a significant part of Copperhill’s architectural and commercial landscape. Today, it continues to serve the community, housing Mountain Attitude Designs and Paradise Beauty Company, blending history with modern entrepreneurship.

The Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Company (DSC&I) takes the first steps toward environmental restoration by launching reforestation efforts to reclaim the region’s devastated landscape.

The Tennessee Copper Company (TCC) and the Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Company (DSC&I) consolidate, uniting operations to create a more powerful force in the regional mining industry.

The John Jabaley Building is constructed, adding to Copperhill’s growing commercial landscape. Today, it continues to serve the community, housing Habanero’s Mexican Restaurant and preserving its legacy as a vibrant local landmark.

A Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp is established near Copperhill to spearhead large-scale reforestation and land restoration efforts. This initiative plays a crucial role in revitalizing the Copper Basin’s landscape, aiding in its environmental recovery after decades of mining-related deforestation.

The Richard Jabaley Building is constructed, uniquely positioned across both Tennessee and Georgia state lines. Today, this landmark structure is home to Copperhill Brewery, continuing its legacy as a central gathering place in the heart of the community.

Passenger train operations between Blue Ridge and Copperhill come to a halt, marking the end of a historic transportation route. Following the cessation of service, the Copperhill depot is demolished, closing a chapter in the town’s railway history.

Smelter store in downtown Copperhill is destroyed by fire (replaced by existing Copperhill Post Office building and Dr. Stephen Treon, MD office)

A new Smelter Store, in the design of modern department stores, is opened west of downtown at the entrance to Staffordtown. The building is the current home of Runway Fireworks and Luttrell’s Hardware

The Tennessee Copper Company is acquired by Cities Services Corporation (CSC), marking a significant transition in the region’s mining industry and shaping the future of copper production in the Copper Basin.

Cities Services Corporation (CSC) begins the reduction of its workforce, with the layoff of 170 employees.

Occidental Petroleum acquires Cities Services Corporation (CSC), but the Industrial Chemicals Division is sold to private investors, leading to the formation of the Tennessee Chemical Company.

Tennessee Chemical Company (TCC) donates the “YMCA” building to the City of Copperhill.

Copper mines close and smelting operations cease in the Copper Basin.

A severe flood inundates downtown Copperhill as the Ocoee River overflows its banks, submerging streets and rising up to twelve feet in some buildings. The disaster leaves a lasting impact on the community, highlighting the town’s resilience in the face of natural challenges.

The Ocoee River gains international recognition as the venue for the Olympic Whitewater Competition, highlighting its challenging rapids and solidifying its status as a premier destination for competitive and recreational whitewater sports.

The Blue Ridge Scenic Railway launches passenger excursions, offering a scenic and historic journey between Copperhill and Blue Ridge. This revitalized rail experience attracts visitors, celebrating the region’s rich railway heritage and natural beauty.